Editing and Representation
What is meant by transition of image and sound?
An image transition is the movement of one scene to another, e.g. by fading to black then having the next scene fade from black, however there are many ways to do this and dramatic parts of film may require a more complex transition.
Transition of sound is also the movement from one scene to the next and may be done by removing all sound or playing background music.
Why is editing so important?
Editing, at its most basic, can help you put all your shots into the proper sequence. You use editing tools to weed out or fix any mistakes made during the production process. It can be used to trim the video to the length you want and it can also be used communicate the right aesthetic to the audience.
Shot Reverse Shot
Shot reverse shot (or shot/countershot) is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character (often off-screen), and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character.
Graphic Match
Graphic matches, or match cuts, are useful in relating two otherwise disconnected scenes, or in helping to establish a relationship between two scenes. By ending one shot with a frame containing the same compositional elements (shape, color, size, etc.) as the beginning frame of the next shot, a connection is drawn between the two shots with a smooth transition.
Action Match
Cutting on action or matching on action refers to film editing and video editing techniques where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action.
Jump Cut
A jump cut is a transition between two shots which appears to "jump" due to the way the shots are framed in relation to each other. In this clip, from around 1:05, there are jump cuts during the dance sequence.
Crosscutting/Parallel Editing
Cross-cutting is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time in two different locations. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions but this is not always the case.
Cutaway
A cutaway is a shot that's usually of something other than the current action. It could be a different subject (eg. this cat when the main subject is its owner), a close up of a different part of the subject (eg. the subject's hands), or just about anything else.
Insert
In film, an insert is a shot of part of a scene as filmed from a different angle and/or focal length from the master shot. Inserts cover action already covered in the master shot, but emphasize a different aspect of that action due to the different framing.
Dissolve
In the post-production process of film editing and video editing, a dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. The terms fade-out (also called fade to black) and fade-in are used to describe a transition to and from a blank image.
Cut
In the post-production process of film editing and video editing, a cut is an abrupt, but usually trivial film transition from one sequence to another.
Wipe
A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot replaces another by travelling from one side of the frame to another or with a special shape.
Superimposition
In graphics, superimposition is the placement of an image or video on top of an already-existing image or video, usually to add to the overall image effect, but also sometimes to conceal something (such as when a different face is superimposedover the original face in a photograph).
In this clip, at around 0:25, we see superimposition used to make it appear that there is two twins in the scene when in fact they are both played by one actress.
Long Take
A long take is a shot lasting much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general. Significant camera movement and elaborate blocking are often elements in long takes, but not necessarily so.
On the other hand, a Short Take is a take lasting only a few seconds.
Slow Motion
This is when film is played back a lot more slowly than it was made or recorded, so that the action appears much slower than in real life.
Ellipsis
This is the shortening of the plot duration of a film by leaving out parts of the plot that are obvious or can be figured out by the viewer.
On the contrary, we have Expansion of Time. When you expand time in a video, you are making the duration of the video sequence longer than real-time. It's not often that you want your audience to see something more slowly than it actually happened. However there are some obvious exceptions. An example is sports slow-motion replay, where an action sequence that took place in real-time over a few seconds is slowed down and repeated until it takes half a minute or more. This type of time-stretching is used to add impact, additional information, or to help the viewer process information that would be too fast in real-time.
Post Production
This includes tasks such as the editing of raw footage to cut scenes, insert transition effects, working with voice and sound actors, and dubbing, to name a few of the many pre-production tasks. Post-production is the third and final step in film creation.
Visual Effects
Special effects are illusions or visual tricks used in the film, television, theatre, video game, and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world.
An image transition is the movement of one scene to another, e.g. by fading to black then having the next scene fade from black, however there are many ways to do this and dramatic parts of film may require a more complex transition.
Transition of sound is also the movement from one scene to the next and may be done by removing all sound or playing background music.
Why is editing so important?
Editing, at its most basic, can help you put all your shots into the proper sequence. You use editing tools to weed out or fix any mistakes made during the production process. It can be used to trim the video to the length you want and it can also be used communicate the right aesthetic to the audience.
Shot Reverse Shot
Shot reverse shot (or shot/countershot) is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character (often off-screen), and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character.
Eyeline Match
An eyeline match is a film editing technique associated with the continuity editing system. It is based on the premise that an audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing.
Graphic Match
Graphic matches, or match cuts, are useful in relating two otherwise disconnected scenes, or in helping to establish a relationship between two scenes. By ending one shot with a frame containing the same compositional elements (shape, color, size, etc.) as the beginning frame of the next shot, a connection is drawn between the two shots with a smooth transition.
Action Match
Cutting on action or matching on action refers to film editing and video editing techniques where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action.
Jump Cut
A jump cut is a transition between two shots which appears to "jump" due to the way the shots are framed in relation to each other. In this clip, from around 1:05, there are jump cuts during the dance sequence.
Crosscutting/Parallel Editing
Cross-cutting is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time in two different locations. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions but this is not always the case.
Cutaway
A cutaway is a shot that's usually of something other than the current action. It could be a different subject (eg. this cat when the main subject is its owner), a close up of a different part of the subject (eg. the subject's hands), or just about anything else.
Insert
In film, an insert is a shot of part of a scene as filmed from a different angle and/or focal length from the master shot. Inserts cover action already covered in the master shot, but emphasize a different aspect of that action due to the different framing.
Dissolve
In the post-production process of film editing and video editing, a dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. The terms fade-out (also called fade to black) and fade-in are used to describe a transition to and from a blank image.
Cut
In the post-production process of film editing and video editing, a cut is an abrupt, but usually trivial film transition from one sequence to another.
Wipe
A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot replaces another by travelling from one side of the frame to another or with a special shape.
Superimposition
In graphics, superimposition is the placement of an image or video on top of an already-existing image or video, usually to add to the overall image effect, but also sometimes to conceal something (such as when a different face is superimposedover the original face in a photograph).
In this clip, at around 0:25, we see superimposition used to make it appear that there is two twins in the scene when in fact they are both played by one actress.
Long Take
A long take is a shot lasting much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general. Significant camera movement and elaborate blocking are often elements in long takes, but not necessarily so.
On the other hand, a Short Take is a take lasting only a few seconds.
Slow Motion
This is when film is played back a lot more slowly than it was made or recorded, so that the action appears much slower than in real life.
Ellipsis
This is the shortening of the plot duration of a film by leaving out parts of the plot that are obvious or can be figured out by the viewer.
On the contrary, we have Expansion of Time. When you expand time in a video, you are making the duration of the video sequence longer than real-time. It's not often that you want your audience to see something more slowly than it actually happened. However there are some obvious exceptions. An example is sports slow-motion replay, where an action sequence that took place in real-time over a few seconds is slowed down and repeated until it takes half a minute or more. This type of time-stretching is used to add impact, additional information, or to help the viewer process information that would be too fast in real-time.
Post Production
This includes tasks such as the editing of raw footage to cut scenes, insert transition effects, working with voice and sound actors, and dubbing, to name a few of the many pre-production tasks. Post-production is the third and final step in film creation.
Visual Effects
Special effects are illusions or visual tricks used in the film, television, theatre, video game, and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world.
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